Michigan State University Extension
Tourism Educational Materials - 33839811
06/06/02
Direct Marketing Ag Products to Tourists
Michigan State University
Propst, Dennis B.
Newmyer, Patricia S.
Combrink, Thomas E.
Extension Bulletin 1960
1986
What do a Blueberry Festival, a winery, a roadside
market, wagon rides, picking your own fruit, and an
international cherry pit spitting contest have in common?
They are all examples of the meshing of Michigan's second
and third leading industries: agriculture and tourism.
You may think of the above examples as being
agriculturally based tourism businesses and activities.
On the other hand, you may think of them as being tourism
based agriculture businesses and activities. Both are
correct. We will call them A/T businesses and activities,
or the A/T industry for short.
What is important is that the A/T connection is an
opportunity to strengthen and diversify Michigan's
economy, add jobs, and promote its quality of life. A/T
businesses and activities provide another outlet for the
direct sale of Michigan farm products. Also, promotion of
Michigan's diverse farm products can bring an
appreciation of agricultural issues to a growing
population that has never been on the farm.
If you have never thought of marketing your produce
directly to tourists, maybe it's time you did! In some
places the traveling public (non-locals) represents a
large market for agricultural products. A case in point
is Napa County, California. In this renowned wine region,
the production of 100,000 tons of grapes supports a wine
industry which generates $189 million in sales and over
4,300 jobs. The wine industry in turn creates an
additional $50 million in tourism sales and over 1,500
additional jobs in the tourism sector. Some Michigan
counties have the potential for similar economic impacts
from the A/T industry.
IS A/T FOR EVERYBODY?
We do not mean that all farmers should hop down from
their tractors and set up a roadside stand for travelers
right away. You should first consider whether or not
direct marketing is for you. This bulletin does not
address this question but other reference material does
(see the bibliography on the last page).
Once you decide to attempt direct marketing or if you are
already in that business, the next step is to decide
which markets to pursue. You certainly do not want to
neglect your local market. In some cases, reduced
accessibility (location away from major travel routes or
attractions, inability to post signs, etc.) may mean that
local customers are your largest and easiest market to
serve. The purpose of this bulletin is to let you know
that tourists may also be a big market for you and how to
attract more of them so that they will be a major source
of your income, or at least a supplement to it.
SOME BACKGROUND
The link between agriculture and tourism is not new.
People began buying agricultural products in the 1920's
and 30's as part of a recreational outing. Automobiles
helped. Sunday drives into the country to bring back
fresh fruit and vegetables became a part of the American
culture which has grown and prospered. There are now
about 8,000 roadside markets and 3,000 U-Pick operations
nationwide. Michigan has about 10% of these.
Some definitions might help clarify the components of the
A/T Industry.
1. Agricultural Products-Included are fresh fruits and
vegetables; trees, shrubs and bedding plants; fresh or
smoked fish; and certain processed food (wine, honey,
maple syrup, apple cider, cheese, preserves, fruit
juices). Agricultural products also include experiences
or activities associated with farming (tours by bus,
wagon, buggy, sleigh, or foot; vacation farms; rural bed
and breakfasts; fishing and hunting; firewood cutting).
2. Tourist-Generally, someone traveling for pleasure and
who either stays away from home overnight or is on a day
trip at least an hour's drive one-way from his/her
origin; not necessarily someone from out-of-state.
3. Traveler--Similar to "tourist" except that travel can
be for any purpose (business, visiting family and
friends, conventions, etc.) except commuting to and from
work.
4. Non-local-The same as "traveler" and used here to mean
anyone whose permanent residence is located one hour or
more one-way from the A/T operation; used to distinguish
local customers from all others.
5. Agricultural Festivals or Events-Activities that are
related to a particular agricultural product as defined
above. The Tulip Festival, The National Cherry Festival,
and the Asparagus Festival are examples.
How can you attract non-local customers? We recently
undertook a project to answer this question. This project
had four objectives:
1. Find out how many and what type of agricultural
businesses and events attract non-local customers;
2. Learn something about the non-local customers
themselves;
3. Determine the total number of non-local customers who
buy from direct farm product outlets and how much they
spend;
and
4. Discover the types of agricultural products travelers
are interested in buying and why they do not buy more.
To accomplish these objectives, we inventoried Michigan
roadside markets, U-Picks, farmers' markets, wineries,
and agricultural festivals. We also interviewed non-local
customers at these places and mailed questionnaires to
300 roadside market and U-Pick operators across the
state. Finally, we interviewed tourists at 12 Michigan
tourist destinations. Some results of this work will give
you hints and ideas about direct marketing to travelers.
WHAT'S THERE?
Our inventory revealed the following number of businesses
and activities in Michigan:
Roadside Markets 393; U-picks 299; combination roadside
markets and u-picks 285; farmers' markets 80; wineries
15; and festivals 54.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of these businesses and
activities across the state. The southwest and southeast
regions have the greatest number of U-Picks, whereas the
southwest and west central regions lead in roadside
markets and combination roadside market/U-Picks. The
largest proportion of farmers' markets are found in the
southeast; the most wineries in the southwest and
northern regions. Finally, the highest proportion of
agricultural festivals are in the southwest and northern
regions. A majority of these outlets are located near
Michigan's interstate highways, major state roads, and
urban areas.
What does the inventory reveal about the state's A/T
industry? First, many of the direct market outlets are
already located where they can capture a large portion of
the traveler market. However, it appears that only a
handful of businesses are doing so. One of our projects
revealed that 17% of the roadside markets and U-Pick
businesses we surveyed had 93% of the non-local customers
in 1983. Eight businesses alone accounted for 57% of the
non-local customers! Sixty percent of the businesses
sampled had less than 300 non-local customers in 1983; a
few had around 100,000 non-locals. Thus, there is room
for expansion of all direct outlet types catering to non-
local needs, particularly in those areas already
receiving a great deal of non-local traffic.
The second finding of our inventory is that having a
successful A/T business requires a unique product. There
are already a large number of traditional direct farm
product outlets in Michigan. What sets yours apart from
the rest? To answer this question requires you to adopt a
marketing approach for your business, match your business
identity (who you are or want to be) with the traveling
public's image of you, and position a unique product in
travelers' minds. Other bulletins in this series will
help you perform these activities, so we will not
elaborate here. Briefly, what these other bulletins imply
is that travelers are not just interested in the produce
you grow and sell. They are interested in the product you
provide: that is, the produce plus an experience. This
experience is composed of the special services you
provide (not all of which have to be free) plus the
friendly, local atmosphere you create. Your aim is to
uniquely position your product (produce + special service
+ atmosphere) in the heads of your target markets.
For example, think about roadside markets. In the
customer's mind, most roadside markets seem alike, but
there are one or two that stand out from the crowd
because of their uniqueness. Your goal should be to be
one of those that stands out. However, you cannot be all
things to all people. Therefore, select the market or
target group you would like to attract and determine what
you can offer them that will make them see you as a
unique business. This way customers can match themselves
with you and know that you will best satisfy their needs.
Here are some things that add to a traveler's experience
with farm products: picnic facilities, pleasant
surroundings, walking trails, opportunities for children,
wagon rides, programs, tours, educational signs/exhibits,
skiing, lunch, desserts, recipes, newsletters, special
events/contests/festivals, announcements, gift
certificates, mailing lists, good parking, calendar of
events, T-shirts, friendly employees, clear directions,
rent-a-tree/plant/shrub, clean restrooms facilities.
Some of these things (for example, wagon rides) raise the
question: "How much liability do I incur by providing
them." Liability is not discussed in this bulletin, but
it is an important topic. Readers with liability
questions should contact Extension specialists or refer
to the book by Kaiser (1986) listed at the end of this
bulletin.
Direct marketers have provided the facilities and
services listed above. This list is by no means complete.
You can probably think of other things you might do or
already are doing. The bottom line is that you need to
develop a unique product that is more than just produce.
To develop this product, you must look to who you are and
who you want to be (your identity).
ECONOMIC IMPACT
What's the economic impact of the A/T industry in
Michigan? Additional findings from our survey of roadside
market and U-Pick businesses indicate:
* There were 2.4 million non-local customers in 1983 (31%
of all customers at roadside markets and U-Picks).
* There were $18 million in direct sales to non-locals in
1983. This figure represents 55% of all direct farm
product sales in Michigan. It also means that some
businesses are selling a large amount of farm products to
non-locals (17% of the businesses got 93% of the non-
local share in 1983).
* There would be 2,000 fewer part-time and full-time jobs
in Michigan if there were no non-local sales at roadside
markets and U-Picks.
* 99% of the income received from non-locals is re-spent
by roadside market and U-Pick operators in Michigan on
everything from fertilizers to containers.
Compared to Michigan's $3 billion agriculture industry
and 103,000 farm jobs, the above figures are relatively
small. The economic impact of the A/T industry in Napa
County, California alone is greater than that of the A/T
industry in the entire State of Michigan. Thus, the
economic potential of Michigan's A/T industry has yet to
be realized. To determine if this potential can ever be
reached, it is first necessary to know something about
the customers that the A/T industry attempts to serve.
WHO ARE THE NON-LOCALS?
To serve customer needs, you must first know your
customers and potential customers. Direct marketing to
travelers means understanding their special
characteristics and needs. Listed below are some
characteristics of travelers who bought farm products in
Michigan in 1983. Also listed are some implications of
these characteristics.
Characteristics: Female 65%, Male 35%; average age 45
years old; education: 1-4 years college 36%, college
grads and beyond 29%.
Implications: Travelers are a well-educated, mature group
of consumers. They will not be pleased with low quality
products. They know how to find what they are looking for
and will not return if they don't find it. There are a
large number of male shoppers among non-local customers;
therefore, the stereotype that only housewives shop at
direct market outlets does not hold for this group of
customers.
Characteristics: Michigan residents 52%; Not now or never
before a Michigan resident 38%; trip destination:
Somewhere in Michigan 93%. Frequency of visits: repeat
customers 61%; first-time customers 39%.
Implications: Many of your non-local customers will be
Michigan residents who may or may not be staying
overnight somewhere. So, don't confine your marketing
efforts to just out-of-states who are on long trips.
Residents and day-users who live within an hour or two of
your business are an important non-local customer
segment.
Characteristics: Frequency of visits: Repeat customers
61%; first-time customers 39%.
Implications: There are a large number of repeat non-
local customers. These repeat customers can be an
excellent source of word-of-mouth advertising about your
business. There are also a fair number of first-time
visitors. If they have a bad experience or don't find
what they're looking for, they won't return and they'll
tell others where not to stop.
Characteristics: Purpose of trip: vacation 40%; vacation
and other 14%; Visits family and friends 17%; buy
agricultural products 10%; business 5%.
Implications: Most of the non-local customers we talked
to were on a pleasure trip or were visiting friends and
relatives. Therefore, it is important that employees of
recreation and tourist facilities and residents of your
community know about your business. These people can help
channel more non-local customers to you. Also, these
figures show that people who are on trips for a variety
of reasons will stop and buy your products.
Characteristics: Length of stay nearby: 63% planned to
stay at least one night within 30 miles of the direct
market outlet or event.
Implications: The potential for repeat visitation is
high. Also, since visitors often find out additional
things to do in an area from lodging employees (see
Extension bulletin E-1938), it is important that
hotel/motel, resort, and campground employees know about
your business.
Characteristics: Spending: 61% who stopped bought
something (the majority who bought no farm products were
at festivals); 27% bought 3 or more products. Spending
range: $0-$101.00 per person; overall average per person
was $5.58.
Average spent by location ranged from 18 cents per person
(one festival) to $23.50 (one winery).
Average spent by outlet type: Festivals $0.71; Roadside
markets $ 5.84; U-Picks $13.10; U-Picks/roadside market
combination $ 7.30; Farmers' markets $ 8.75; Wineries
$12.09.
Non-local customers bought 50 separate farm products.
Most frequent products bought AFTER strawberry season:
apples, blueberries, com, cherries, peaches, tomatoes,
melons.
Implications: With the exception of festivals, non-local
customers who stopped at a direct farm product outlet
bought a fair amount of produce. Little spending on fresh
farm products occurred at agricultural festivals mainly
because such products (even those that the festival was
named after) were unavailable. Non-local customers bought
a large diversity of fresh farm products depending on
what was in season. These buyers tend to purchase
products that they know were locally grown in Michigan.
Characteristics: Knowledge: Non-local customers were
asked to name any 5 of Michigan's agricultural products.
Out of 75 Michigan products grown or produced for direct
consumption, the same ten were named by most of the
customers (apples, corn, peaches, cherries, blueberries,
potatoes, tomatoes, grapes, dry beans, and strawberries).
Forty-six of the 75 products were named at least once; 29
products were never named.
Implications: Non-local customers are generally not aware
of the diversity of Michigan's agricultural products,
when they are available, and where. Promotional efforts
should be aimed at overcoming this knowledge problem.
Flowers and Plants-low interest here; 10% of the
travelers expressed an interest in cut flowers.
Dairy Products-eggs (42%), cheese (35%), milk (33%).
Vegetables-top 8 were: corn (57%), lettuce (41%),
tomatoes (33%), potatoes (32%), carrots (30%), cucumbers
(28%), broccoli (27%), and cauliflower (24%).
Processed (except dairy)-relatively high interest in all:
jams, jellies and preserves (38%), cider (35%), fruit
juices (34%), wine (34%), and maple syrup (34%).
Other Products-honey (30%), smoked fish (29%), fresh fish
(25%), firewood (16%).
Services-winery tours (28%), vacation farms (18%), rural
bed and breakfasts (18%), forestry museums (10%), farm
tours (9%).
Thus, travelers express a high level of interest in a
variety of agricultural products and services. Only 4% of
all the travelers said they were not interested in any
farm products. However, knowing how many non-locals are
interested in buying certain goods and services only
defines the "potential" market. It does not tell how many
non-local customers will buy from you. For example, we
know that 56% of all Michigan travelers are the
"potential" market for cherries. How many Michigan
travelers actually stop and buy cherries from you depends
on certain real and perceived barriers. To learn more
about the barriers, we asked this same group of travelers
to indicate why they do not buy more farm products in
Michigan. Here are their answers:
I buy these products at a grocery store 49%.
Products will spoil before I reach home 38%.
Not enough room in the vehicle 36%.
Price of products is too high 34%.
Products are not in season 33%.
I can get all I need near home 27%.
Didn't know these products were available 23%.
Don't know WHERE to buy these products 22%.
Don't know WHEN to buy these products 16%.
I have to buy in too large a quantity 16%.
Unsure of product quality 9%.
Not enough time on this trip 5%.
Just not interested 2%.
From recent interviews with thousands of Michigan
tourists, we have learned that only about 10% bought or
planned to buy farm products from direct outlets. This
means that around 90% of millions of Michigan travelers
each year represent an untapped pool for the purchase of
such products.
How many of this 90% would buy Michigan farm products
from direct outlets? To answer this question, we gave
travelers at a number of Michigan tourist destinations a
list of 62 farm products and services and asked them to
check the ones they were interested in buying.
Fruits-high interest in all types of fruit, especially:
cherries (56% of the travelers were interested in these),
strawberries (48%), blueberries (48%), peaches (47%),
apples (46%), raspberries (42%), cantaloupe (36%).
Many of these are knowledge/image/awareness barriers.
Some may be overcome fairly quickly at the business level
and some will require long term cooperation between the
public and private sectors. For example, individual
businesses may begin to overcome some barriers through
their promotional material by stressing the advantages of
buying directly from the farm, describing ways to reduce
spoilage, and emphasizing that small quantities of all
products are available. However, increasing traveler
awareness of where to buy certain products and seasonal
availability calls for cooperative efforts between
various levels of government and business interests.
A positive sign in the list of barriers is that very few
non-locals expressed disinterest, lack of time, or
uncertainty about product quality.
HOW CAN YOU INCREASE YOUR SALES TO TRAVELERS?
There are basically 4 ways to increase your sales. The
first involves communicating with your customers through
the fine art of promotion (see Extension bulletins
E-1939, E-1957 and E-2005 in this series). People have
communication preferences. They prefer certain ways of
getting information over others. These preferences are
not always obvious. Another bulletin in this series,
Extension bulletin E-1939, identifies the specific
information sources preferred by Michigan travelers. In
one study, we asked non-local customers to state where
they first learned about a direct farm product outlet or
agricultural festival. This is how these customers
responded:
1. Informal/word-of-mouth sources (another person in
group, family, friends, used to live here) 51%
2. Roadside sign 21%
3. Newspaper 10%
4. Travel Information Center 3%
5. Radio, Magazine, TV, each 1%
6. Chamber of Commerce, less than 1%.
Word-of-mouth and other informal information sources are
used very frequently by travelers. In fact, word-of-mouth
sources were used by over half the travelers interviewed
as a way of first finding a direct market outlet.
Roadside signs were a fairly important information source
ONCE TRAVELERS WERE NEAR THE BUSINESS OR EVENT. Informal
sources were much more powerful than road signs in
attracting non-local customers from greater distances.
How can these informal sources be used most effectively?
1. ACTIVELY hand out ATTRACTIVE, CURRENT brochures and
other printed material with clear directions and accurate
descriptions of your products (see Extension bulletin
E-1931).
2. Provide a quality product. This includes friendly and
knowledgeable employees, a clean site, fresh produce, and
some of the other services we mentioned earlier.
3. Remember, nearly two-thirds of the non-local customers
we interviewed were repeat visitors! These people convey
information (good or bad) about your business to others.
4. Be sure others in your community are aware of your
business. These people can promote for you because
travelers ask them to recommend things to do. Work on
establishing good relationships with travel information
center personnel, lodging and state park employees, gas
station attendants, and restaurant workers.
The second way to increase your non-local sales is
through cooperation. As an individual, you may not be
able to do all that is necessary to reach the traveling
public. Therefore, cooperative promotional efforts
(mutual signing, radio ads, and so on) among several
direct outlets in an area may help stretch tight budgets
and reach more customers. Cooperation may also occur
between the farming community and organizations on the
one hand and tourism agencies, convention bureaus, and
chambers of commerce on the other.
The goal of cooperative promotion is to exchange
travelers. For example, convention bureaus or chambers of
commerce can assist in getting the word out that there
are agricultural products and events nearby. Farm
employees, in turn, can refer travelers to restaurants,
lodging facilities, and other attractions in the area.
This means that all employees that come in contact with
visitors be well-informed about community resources. Farm
trail maps, placemats with a map showing the location of
direct outlets, and directories are examples of printed
promotional material that has been cooperatively produced
in Michigan. A California wine directory, sold at cost,
provides travelers with maps and descriptions of
wineries, restaurants, and lodging facilities.
Third, be aware of and incorporate into your product the
unique characteristics and needs of non-local travelers.
There are various subsegments of the non-local market and
you must decide which of these you want to attract. Each
subsegment has different desires. For example, a business
catering primarily to organized bus tours would have some
different facilities and promotional methods than one
catering primarily to day users from a major metropolitan
area. Many direct outlets have a high proportion of
repeat business and this makes it possible to establish a
loyal market among non-locals. Generally, travelers are
an educated, older, sophisticated group of consumers with
money to spend. These people are looking for things to do
that tell them something about the area they are
visiting---for example, human interest stories, local
history, and authentic, locally grown or produced goods.
This implies that they will not come back if what they
are looking for is not there, and they will let many
others know of their disappointment through the powerful
word-of-mouth system. These folks are also looking for a
recreational experience and something fun to do. Consider
such experiences as part of the product you are trying to
sell.
Fourth, to attract such customers in large numbers, you
must realize that you are in the guest business. This
means that direct outlets desiring more non-local
business need to have their product ready when guests
arrive. That product is no longer the produce. It is the
produce plus an experience something that people remember
that will make them want to return and tell others about
you. In other words, you are no longer just in
production. Instead, you need to adopt a marketing
approach. How will people pick you out in a crowd? What
makes your product and business unique?
CONCLUSIONS
There is virtually an untapped market of non-local
customers in Michigan who are traveling to relax, have
fun, and learn something about where they are staying.
These folks are many in number, but are spending
relatively little on fresh farm products.
Lack of awareness is one reason why spending is not
greater. Travelers simply do not know what, when and
where fresh products are available. Michigan farm
products do not have the same image, say, as California
wine, Florida citrus, or Vermont maple syrup. This
awareness problem cannot be overcome by any one business.
Instead, agriculture and tourism organizations and
businesses must cooperate in promoting each other.
Businesses and organizations both need to tap the
informal but powerful word-of-mouth communication network
that exists among travelers. The goal is for all
customers to be spreading the same good word about your
business and Michigan agriculture in general.
Have your business and your product ready when your
guests arrive. This means being aware of yourself as a
tourism business and having a quality product.
FURTHER INFORMATION
Additional information on Michigan's A/T industry, its
potential for growth, and marketing recommendations can
be found in the full report on which this bulletin is
based:
* Propst, Dennis B., Lewis W. Moncrief, and Charlotte
Young.
The Relationship Between Agriculture and Tourism in
Michigan. Department of Park and Recreation Resources,
Michigan State University, East Lansing. 133 pages. 1984.
copies are available at a minimal cost from the Travel,
Tourism, and Recreation Resource Center, 131 Natural
Resources Building, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824.
For information on the basics of direct marketing,
pricing, fruit and vegetable production, consult the
Cooperative Extension Service Publication Catalog. This
catalog is available from your county Extension office.
Community and state resources which may also be helpful
include:
1. Local chambers of commerce, regional tourism
associations, and convention bureaus for assistance in
promoting your business.
2. Other direct market outlets in your area who cater to
travelers to assess what is and is not provided locally
and to learn of past mistakes.
3. The Economic Development Branch of the Michigan
Department of Agriculture (Lansing) for sources of
technical and financial assistance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Additional reference material which may help you:
* Adrian, J. and V. Vitelli. Pick-your-own and farmers'
markets: Direct marketing alternatives for Alabama
growers. Ag. Exp. Stn. Bull. 544. Auburn University,
Auburn. 1982.
* Antle, Glen G. Roadside marketing for beginners.
Michigan State University, Cooperative Extension Service
Bulletin E-1145, SF-13, East Lansing, MI. 1978.
* Bevins, M. and T. Hoffer. The vacation farm enterprise:
A guide for property owners. The Extension Service,
University of Vermont, Burlington. 1981.
* Capstick, D. F. A study of direct marketing of farm
produce in Arkansas. Ag. Exp. Stn. Bull. 861, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 1982.
* Center for Consumer Research, University of California,
Davis, CA 95616. Ask for "Publication Abstracts" listing
and then order relevant materials from this list.
Especially useful in the areas of consumer buying habits,
farmers' markets, farm cooperatives, and packaging.
* Collins, A. J., R. Monankami, and H. F. Breimyer.
Farmer-to-consumer food marketing in Missouri. Extension
Circular 983. Extension Division, University of
Missouri-Columbia. 1978.
* Enterprise Fanning Magazine: The Ford Tractor Guide for
Small Farms. Ford Motor Company, 2500 Maple Road, Troy,
MI 48084. (The 1983-84 and 1985-86 issues are especially
informative for those interested in ag/tourism.)
* Freiberg, K. Farm families open their homes to
travelers. Farm Journal, 1984 (April): 36-37.1984.
* Henderson, P. L. and H. R. Linstrom. Farmer-to-consumer
marketing in six states. Ag. Info. Bull. No. 436. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics, and
Cooperative Service, Washington, D.C. 1980.
* Holecek, D. R. Travel outlook for Michigan--1984. pp.
55-64. In Proceedings: Parks, Recreation, and Tourism--A
Conference held during Natural Resources Days. Department
of Park and Recreation Resources, Michigan State
University, East Lansing. 1984.
* Kaiser, R. A. Liability and law in recreation, parks,
and sports. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1986.
* Kelsey, M. P. and H. Price. For pick-your-own
operations: computing production costs of fruits and
vegetables. Michigan State University, Cooperative
Extension Service Bulletin E-941, East Lansing, MI. 1979.
* Olcott-Reid, Brenda. Pick-your-own: a whole new ball
game. Gardens for All News, 7(3): 1-3, 30. 1984.
* Pelsue, N. H., Jr. Market outlets for fruits and
vegetables in Vermont. University of Vermont,
Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report 13,
Burilington, VT. 1981.
* Pelsue, N. H., Jr. Consumers at Vermont fruit and
vegetable roadside stands, Part I and 11. Ag. Exp. Stn.
Res. Rep. 2 and 5. University of Vermont, Burlington.
1980.
* Pelsue, N. H., Jr. Pick-your-own strawberries: costs
and returns. University of Vermont, Agricultural
Experiment Station Research Report 3, Burlington, VT.
1980.
* Pizam, A. and J. Pokela. The benefits of farm tourism
to rural communities: The Massachusetts case. Ag. Exp.
Stn. Res. Bull. No. 666. University of Massachusetts,
Amherst. 1980.
* Pizam, A. and J. Pokela. The vacation farm: A new form
of tourism destination. pp. 203-216 in D. E. Hawkins, E.
L. Shafer, and J. M. Rovelstad (eds.). Tourism marketing
and management issues. George Washington University
Press: Washington, D.C. 1980.
* Roadside Marketing ManuaL Bulletin Office, Michigan
State University, P.O. Box 231, East Lansing, MI
48823-0231, 128 pp.
* Small Farm Database: A Supplement to the Ford Tractor
Guide for Small Farms (1983-84). A listing of useful
federal and state publications on selected small farm
enterprises. Order from: Enterprise Farming, 105 Stoney
Mountain Road, Hendersonville, NC 28791.
* Stuhlmiller, E. M. and R. B. How. Selected
characteristics of direct marketing businesses: Six
counties, New York, 1976. A. E. Ext. 78-35, Department of
Agricultural Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca. 1978.
* Tracy, M. H., P. S. Dillon, and M. C. Vamer. Economic
comparison of direct marketing alternative for fresh
vegetables in New Jersey. Ag. Exp. Stn. P-02551-1-82.
Cook College-Rutgers University, New Brunswick. 1982.
This information is for educational purposes only. References
to commercial products or trade names does not imply
endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not
mentioned. This information becomes public property upon
publication and may be printed verbatim with credit to MSU
Extension. Reprinting cannot be used to endorse or advertise
a commercial product or company.
This file was generated from data base TD on 09/30/03.
Data base TD was last revised on 06/06/02.
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