Alternative Enterprises for Farm and Forest: Risk Recreation

Michigan State University Extension
Tourism Educational Materials - 33130042
06/06/02

Alternative Enterprises for Farm and Forest: Risk Recreation

Natural Resources Management And Income Opportunity
Series

West Virginia University
Extension Service

R.D. No. 765

Steven J. Hollenhorst is assistant professor of wildlands
recreation at West Virginia University. He has earned
B.S. and M.S. degrees at the University of Oregon and a
Ph.D. at The Ohio State University. His duties include
conducting wildlands recreation research and teaching
undergraduate classes. He has written over a dozen
publications dealing mainly with risk recreation and the
adventure model.

Editors

William N. Grafton, extension wildlife specialist and
associate professor of forestry at West Virginia
University.

Anthony Ferrise, extension rural development specialist
and professor at West Virginia University.

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the following organizations for
their support which made this publication possible.

Manuscript editing, layout and design was provided by the
Information and Educational Technology extension faculty
and staff at West Virginia University. The publication
was printed by the Printing Services at West Virginia
University.

This material is based upon work supported by the
Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development.

Contents

Author and Editors
......................................i
Acknowledgments
.........................................ii
Introduction
............................................iii

Risk Recreation Activities on Private Lands-Trends,
Issues, Problems and Opportunities
Steve Hollenhorst

Abstract ...............................................1
Introduction ...........................................1
The Current Situation ..................................1
Table 1. Potential Income Producing Risk Recreation
Activities..............................................2
Table 2. Outcomes and Benefits for Promoting Commercial
Risk Recreation
Operations...................................2
Understanding the Risk Recreation Consumer..............3
Targeting the Adventure Market .........................3
Establishing the Market Mix.............................4
Table 3. The Risk Recreation Market Mix.................5
Table 4. Potential Private Sector Opportunities in Risk
Recreation..............................................5
Liability...... ... ....................................5
Conclusion .............................................6
Literature Cited .......................................6

Other Publications Available in this Services..........10

Introduction

The First Eastern U.S. Conference on Income Opportunities
for the Private Landowner Through Management of Natural
Resources and Recreational Access, held in Wheeling,
W.Va. (April 1989) was a milestone in a long series of
rural development activities of the West Virginia
University Extension Service and Agricultural and
Forestry Experiment Station along with West Virginia Farm
Bureau and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Extension
Service. It represented the culmination of efforts by
many people throughout the nation who promote activities
for diversifying and increasing income opportunities for
rural landowners, encourage them to meet the recreational
needs of urban residents, and support the conservation
and utilization of renewable natural resources. The
conference also represented the beginning of a focused
endeavor to develop a comprehensive, interdisciplinary
and coordinated approach for research, educational and
service efforts.

The purpose of the conference was to discuss and evaluate
alternatives for farmers, woodlot owners, rural
landowners, businesses and communities to increase
profits by providing and marketing nontraditional
products and services based on renewable natural
resources.

The dilemma facing Americans concerned with the
sustainability and productivity of the nation's natural
resources, while allowing people to use them, is that a
growing human population and its needs for goods and
services are reducing the available natural resource
base. The public's desire for access to and use of
natural resources for outdoor recreational opportunities
continues to grow and change over time because of
changing social, economic and cultural factors and
individual interests.

Public lands, as vast as they may seem, cannot meet all
future needs for public recreation and in many cases
cannot supply the quality of experience desired by large
numbers of people. Many private landowners have the
capability to help meet these remaining needs and have an
opportunity to meet specialized demands for products and
service. To meet the needs of the landowner and the
public, the following must take place.

1. Creation of incentive structures. Supplying access to
high quality resources involves costs. If private
landowners are to manage their resources for the public
good, then ways must be found to make the benefits
outweigh the costs. Incentives can be supplied in many
ways including fees for access, payment for goods and
services, tax exemptions, reduced liability and private
sector financing.

2. Focus of efforts. Agency personnel, conservation and
other interest groups, community leaders and educators
need to think and act in a concerted manner that directs
their efforts toward total resource management. This will
require significant changes; it stresses diversification
and interdisciplinary programming to develop research,
technology transfer, educational and technical assistance
programs that address needs.

3. Cooperation and coordination among leaders in the
field. Universities, state and federal agencies and
agricultural, conservation, business and trade
organizations must develop joint programs to assist
private landowners. The nation depends on this base to
provide goods and services at prices people are willing
to pay and producers are wiling to accept for managing
and sustaining natural resources. Multidisciplinary
programs for promoting rural economic development
opportunities are the essential means of generating an
applied research information base to effectively transfer
information to landowners, managers and other users.

Universities, state and federal agencies, as well as
agricultural, conservation, business and trade
organizations, must develop joint programs to inform
landowners about alternative enterprises that can be
blended with typical agriculture and timber operations.
Information is needed on cost-effective production and
marketing systems and the development of goods and
services. This is one in a series of extension
publications dealing with natural resources management
and income opportunities. These publications provide
information to landowners and to private consultants and
agency personnel who give technical management, marketing
and legal advice to landowners.

Increased demand for recreational access to private lands
offers the potential for rural landowners to increase
income. However, private landowners need to aware of
their potential liability in order to make better
informed decisions regarding the use of their land. This
publication deals with some of the concerns that private
landowners must consider in deciding to allow others to
use their land for private recreational purposes.

Risk Recreation Activities on Private Lands - Trends,
Issues, Problems and Opportunities

Steve Hollenhorst, Assistant Professor, Wildland
Recreation West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia

Abstract

Risk recreation experiences differ from traditional
outdoor recreation by posing elements of real or
perceived physical danger to the participant. The growing
popularity of risk recreation suggests income potential
for private landowners. This paper explores trends,
issues and opportunities that should be considered by
private landowners interested in providing risk
recreation experiences.

An overview of risk recreation, including types of
activities, current trends and desirable outcomes and
benefits that can be used to promote participation is
presented. Then, a participation model is offered as a
conceptual framework for understanding the risk
recreation consumer. The model can be used to identify
market groups and provide them with suitable
opportunities. Potential private sector opportunities and
liability considerations are discussed.

Introduction

One measure of a society's progress is the ability to
insulate its members from danger and risk. The result is
the establishment of vast regulatory institutions with
the primary goal of public protection. Paradoxically, as
our social institutions strive to eliminate danger,
millions of Americans are actually seeking risk and
danger through their recreation (Ewert 1985).

"Risk recreation" or "adventure recreation" experiences
differ from traditional outdoor recreation by posing
elements of real or perceived physical danger to the
participant. Popular adventure activities in the eastern
United States include whitewater boating, rock climbing,
caving, hang gliding, board sailing, ski touring and
winter backcountry camping (Table 1).

With the growing popularity of risk recreation comes
questions of interest to private landowners and resource
managers. Is there commercial potential in risk
recreation opportunities? What are important
considerations when establishing these enterprises?

What are the liability implications? More
philosophically, should risk recreation activities even
be condoned as a legitimate form of outdoor recreation?

Mountains need not have handrails and rivers need not to
be flat. In fact, removal of the risks and dangers
destroys the very nature of the adventure experience - a
bold and striking enterprise where the outcome is
uncertain. Yet providers of these opportunities must also
be concerned with safety and liability. While the
perception of risk is a necessary component of the
participant's experience, the bottom line from the
operator's perspective is that the program must be safe.

In this context, the goal of commercial risk recreation
operations is not to eliminate risk but rather to work
with the participant in manipulating the risks to
acceptable levels (Ewert 1985). This paper is devoted to
helping prospective service providers reach this balance.

The Current Situation

Millions of North Americans participate in some form of
risk recreation (PCAO 1987). Factors that point to
growing popularity include growth in overall numbers of
participants (Ewert 1985; Darst and Armstrong 1980),
proliferation of recreational and educational programs
and organizations (Ford and Blanchard 1985), sales
expenditures for risk recreation opportunities and
equipment (Bishoff 1985), and increased legislation and
regulation affecting risk recreationists (McEwen 1983;
McAvoy and Dustin 1985).

Table 1. Potential Income Producing Risk Recreation
Activities

Adventure Travel Backpacking Bicycle Touring
Boardsailing
Canoeing Caving Hang Gliding Hot-Air

Ballooning
Hiking Ice Climbing Kayaking
Mountaineering
Mountain Biking Mountain Running Orienteering
Rafting
Rappelling Rock Climbing Ropes Courses
Sailing
SCUBA Diving Skin Diving Ski Touring
Snowshoeing
Sky Diving Surfing Wilderness Trekking
Winter

Camping

This increasing popularity suggests that the appeal of
the risk recreation experience goes beyond thrill seeking
and adrenalin rushes. Many other desirable outcomes and
benefits may also result. Ewert (1985) places these
desired outcomes and benefits into three general
categories: psychological, sociological and physical
(Table 2).

Table 2. Outcomes and Benefits for Promoting Commercial
Risk Recreation Operations.*

Psychological Sociological Physical
Self-Concept Compassion Strength
Confidence Group Cooperation Coordination
Self-Efficacy Respect for Others Cardiovascular
Sensation-Seeking Outdoor Education Skills
Diversion Environmental Awareness Sensory
Awareness
Value Clarification Communication Health
Problem-Solving Leadership Catharsis
Academics Work Productivity Rehabilitation

* Adapted from Ewert, A. 1985. Emerging trends in outdoor
adventure recreation.

Proceedings: 1985 National Outdoor Recreation Trends
Symposium 11. Athens, Ga.: National Park Service. pp.
155-164.

Risk recreation is in high demand as a means for
achieving a host of recreation, education and therapeutic
objectives. The challenge facing the commercial operator
is using one or more or these outcomes and benefits to
develop a lucrative market niche.

Understanding the Risk Recreation Consumer

The "Adventure Model" (Ewert and Hollenhorst 1989) serves
as conceptual framework for understanding the risk
recreation experience. The model is designed to help
program operators and resource managers deliver
opportunities that meet the needs of a particular risk
recreation consumer. The model presents the risk
recreation experience as a merging of the participant
with a particular environment-a merging of personal
attributes with certain setting attributes (Figure 1).

Participant attributes refer to frequency of
participation, skill and experience level, and locus of
control. Activity setting attributes refer to social and
environmental factors such as the type and level of risk,
social contexts, and the degree of naturalness in the
environment. Participant attributes are presented on the
y axis and activity setting attributes on the x axis.
Effective experiences are those that match participant
attributes with appropriate activities and settings.

There is no such thing as an average risk recreationist.
A skilled kayaker has vastly different needs and
expectations than does the novice rafter. This implies
the need for variety in the types of opportunities made
available to different participants. An effective
operation is one that matches participant attributes with
appropriate activity setting attributes in order to
create quality experiences.

Targeting the Adventure Market

It's important to understand that participants generally
go through a process of socialization into the risk
recreation activity over time. As the experience of the
participant increases, the following changes occur in
terms of their behaviors and preferences (Ewert and
Hollenhorst 1989):

1. Frequency of participation increases;

2. Locus of control shifts to the individual;

3. Expertise (skill) level increases;

4. Preferred level of risk increases;

5. Environmental preferences become more natural and less
dependent on human development;

6. Social group structures shift away from family,
friends and organized groups towards solo activities or
small groups of fellow experts.

Three phases of participation can be used to segment risk
recreation consumers.

Introduction. The introduction phase includes
participants who have had little or no experience with
risk recreation activities. Since these participants have
minimal skills the onus of control rests largely on the
operation. This implies the need for designated leaders
and a set of structured safety procedures.

The risks are more perceived than real, and accidents
beyond the occasional bump or scrape are rare and
unacceptable from a program perspective. The environment
is often highly developed with the social context being a
class or course with designated leaders and participants.
Examples include guided whitewater raft trips down an
easy river. Other income producing products and services
appealing to this segment of customers include food and
lodging, equipment rental, retail sales and guide
services.

Development. The development phase includes participants
who have some previous experience and are interested in
further Involvement. Although their skill levels are
still relatively basic, these participants have developed
specific perceptions about what is wanted from the
activity. They are ready to exercise more control in
determining the direction of the experience. Group
leaders or instructors may or may not be present to teach
skills and insure safety. Risks are more real and
consequential. The environmental setting is suitably more
natural and uncontrollable. An example would be a guided
ski camping trip into a nearby wilderness area. Other
products might include instructional classes, and retail
sales and rental.

Commitment. The commitment phase includes participants
with high level skill, experience and commitment to the
activity. They are prepared to face substantial risks in
an environment that is wild and often uncontrollable.
Locus of control rests entirely with the individual and
fellow adventurers. Satisfaction depends on opportunities
that sufficiently challenge the individual's skill.
Products and services needed by these participants
include access to resources (i.e. remote wilderness
areas, whitewater rivers, caves, and cliff faces),
lodging, maps and information, retail sales and
transportation services.

Establishing the Market Mix

Commercial operators can use the adventure model to
establish the character and focus of their business. The
first step in this process is to identify all potential
risk recreation market groups, or groups of participants
with similar needs and preferences (i.e., introductory,
development, and committed participants).

A decision must then be made with respect to which groups
will be targeted. The introductory phase is comprised of
the greatest number of consumers, but they participate
far less often than do committed participants. The
committed phase is a dependable source of frequent
participants, yet they have fewer needs for services
given their high level of skill and autonomy. The last
step in the process is to establish the market mix (Table
3). The market mix consists of the four P's: product,
place, price and promotion. Product decisions involve the
activity and program elements to be delivered (Table 4).
These generally fall into two categories:
fees for access to private land and commercial
operations.

A variety of program elements can make up a weekend
ski-touring package. An introductory package might
include sales and rental, transportation, lodging, a pass
to ski on groomed trails, meals and classes. A mix of
program elements that might appeal to more experienced
participants would include transportation to and from a
trailhead, winter camping, and a guided back-country ski
tour on ungroomed traits.

The product mix will depend to a great extent on the
"place," or the character of the resource base.
Obviously, activities like rock climbing and whitewater
rafting depend upon very specific resource attributes.
These resource attributes need not necessarily exist on
the site, but easy access to them is paramount. The time
of the year must also be considered. For instance, winter
ski touring trails could be used in the summer for
mountain biking.

Table 3. The Risk Recreation Market Mix

Product Place Price Promotion

Activities Environment Overhead
Undifferentiated Difficulty Social Setting Demand
Differentiated Leadership Date/Season Direct
Concentrated
Competition
Composition Length Indirect Competition

Table 4. Potential Private Sector Opportunities in Risk
Recreation

User Access Fees Operations

Hiking Campgrounds
Rock Climbing Beaches
Mountain Biking Lodging/Restaurants
Boat Access Retail Sales/Rental
Caving Outdoor Schools
Backpacking Guide Services
Ski Touring Travel Packages
Canoeing Residential Camps
Backcountry Camping Resorts
Hang Gliding Transportation
Services

Price will depend on many factors, including operating
costs, demand for the service, and the competition. Major
operating expenses are generally in the form of
equipment, vehicles and program leadership. Demand
follows seasonal patterns, suggesting the need for income
generating activities in the off season.

Finally, the service must be promoted and advertised. A
variety of approaches can be used (Figure 2).
Undifferentiated advertising reaches a broad spectrum of
both likely and unlikely consumers. Differentiated
efforts focus several types of advertising on one or two
key clientele groups.

Liability

Landowners and commercial operators interested in
increased income need not neglect adventure activities
out of fear of liability. Public and judicial opinion
generally holds that there is nothing inherently
hazardous in these activities (Figure 3). What is crucial
is that programs exercise a "standard of care" protecting
the participant from undue risk or harm. This means
conducting the program as would any "reasonable and
prudent professional." In this way cases of negligence
are avoided.

The implication is that the operator must have the
professional competence required for the role taken. For
example, if whitewater guide services are provided, then
the operation is saying it has a professional level
understanding of whitewater activities with clients.
Therefore it is in the best interest of the operation to
be well versed and qualified in whatever adventure
activity is provided.

Professional conduct falls into three general categories:
supervision conduct, safety equipment and procedures.
Each must be reflective of the standards a reasonable and
prudent professional would use in a similar situation.
Conduct should consider varying levels of client
experience and ability along with environmental
condition.

Developing a safe and effective risk recreation operation
is a difficult task requiring a great deal of knowledge
and skill. These operations require highly qualified
staff, safe equipment, and comprehensive risk management
procedures. Landowners interested in developing these
programs are advised to seek expert assistance.

Conclusion

Adventure is a powerful form of human experience, which
does good things for good people and is becoming more
popular every day. Technological innovations like
lightweight gear, freeze -dried food, and perlon climbing
ropes have made adventure more accessible and attractive.
Inventions like board sails, underwater breathing
apparatus, and ram-air parachutes have given rise to
totally new forms of activity. The future for private
landowners and commercial operators is bright and full of
possibilities.

Yet there is also a strong moral, legal and even economic
imperative to ensure that these opportunities are
provided with the utmost forethought and prudence. This
requires the management of risk through skilled staff,
safe and proper equipment, and in -depth knowledge of the
activities delivered. The result will be greater private
sector involvement, and a broadened base of
quality adventure recreation opportunities.

Literature Cited

Bishoff, G. (ed.) 1985. National outdoor outfitters
market report. National Outdoor Outfitters News. 10 (8),
10-13.

Darst, P. and Armstrong, G. 1980.
Outdoor adventure activities for school and recreation
programs. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess Publishing Co.

McEwen, A. and Hollenhorst, S. 1989.
"Testing the adventure model: empirical support for a
model of risk recreation participation." Journal of
Leisure Research (in press).

Ewert, A. 1985. "Emerging trends in outdoor adventure
recreation." Proceedings: 1985 National Outdoor
recreation Trends Symposium 11. Athens,Ga.: National Park
Service.
155 -164

Ford, P. and Blanchard, J. 1985.
Leadership and administration of outdoor pursuits. State
College, Pa.:Venture Publishing Inc.

McAvoy, L. and Dustin, D. 1985.
"Regulating risk in the nation's parks." Trends. 22 (3).
27-30.

McEwen, D. 1983. "Being high on public land: rockclimbing
and liability." Parks and Recreation, 22 (3), 27-30.

President's Commission on Americans Outdoors. 1987.
Americans and the Outdoors. Washington D.C. U.S.
Government Printing Office.

Sax,J. 1980. Mountains without handrails. Ann Arbor,
Mich.: University of Michigan Press.

Figures do not scan see original bulletin for graphics.

Figure 1: Adventure Recreation: A Conceptual Model

Figure 2: Alternative Strategies for Marketing
Commercial Risk Recreation Opportunities

Figure 3: Public and Judicial Attitudes Towards Selected
Risk Recreation Activities (Adapted from Ewart 1985)

Other Publications Available

The Natural Resources Management and Income Opportunity
Series consists of papers from the First Eastern
Conference on Income Opportunities held in April 1989.
Supplementary information in some papers will provide
comprehensive coverage of the topics. It is hoped that
the entire series of extension publications listed below,
will be completed by the end of 1990. The numbers
indicate the papers included in each publication.

Philosophy and

1. The Future of Access to Private Lands
Laurence R. Jahn

1. Turnips, Carrots and Wetlands: Promoting Private
Sector's
Stewartship of a Public Sector Resource
J. Scott Feierabend

2. Challenges and Opportunities for Natural Resource
Programs to Assist Private Landowners
R. Neil Sampson

2. Natural Resources Management Needs for Private
Landowners in the Northeast
Hebert E. Doig

2. Future Trends and Activities
James E. Miller

3. Appreciative Use of Wildlife- The Recreational Choice
of Three Out of Four Americans
M. Rupert Cutler

Research

4. Public Recreation on Private Land: Research Needs and
Considerations
Lawrence W. Libby

5. Research Issues Related to Recreation Enterprises for
the Private Landowner
Dale Colyer and Dennis K. Smith

Alternative Enterprises

6. Evaluating the Feasibility of Alternative Agriculture
and Natural Resource - Based Enterprises
David W. Gross

7. An Urbanizing Perspective: Use of Forest and Woodland
Alternatives
Robert L. Tjaden

7. A Rural Perpective of Agricultural and Small Woodlot
Income Alternatives
Anthony G. Hankins

8. Wildlife Opportunities: Species Having Management and
Income Potential for Landowners in the East
Peter T. Bromley

8. Nontraditional Uses of Rangelands for Income Producing
Activities
Larry D. Butler

9. Risk Recreation Activities on Private Lands: Trends,
Issues, Problems and Opportunities
Steve Hollenhorst

10. Income Opportunities on Reclaimed Surface-Mined Lands
in Central Appalachia
Cart E. Zipper and Jeff G. Skousen

Resource Management

11. Aquaculture, Fishing and Other Income Opportunities
from Aquatic Systems
Brian L. Nerrie

11. Fee Fishing: Income Opportunities for Rural Areas
Jack Kiely

12. Waterfowl: Income Potential and Problems
Edward C. Soutiere

12. Waterfowl: An Alternative Income Producing Option for
Recreational Access
Isadore Matarese and Linda Matarese Graham

13. Hunting Preserves for Sport or Profit
Edward A. Kozicky

14. Assessing/Evaluating/Improving Your Potential from
Wildlife
James A. Byford

15. Food Security Act of 1985: Impact on Resource
Management and Utilization
Billy M. Teels

Economics

16. Demand for Outdoor Recreation in the United States:
Implications for Private Landowners in the Eastern United
States
Linda L. Langner

17. Toward a Better Understanding of Recreational Access
to the Nation's Private Lands: Supply, Determinants,
Limiting Factors
Brett A. Wright

18. Economic and Social Significance of Recreational
Access for the Rural Community
Tommy L. Brown and Daniel J. Decker

Business Management And Marketing

19. Hunting Clubs: Potential and Problems
W. H. "Bill" Tomlinson Jr.

19. Clubs: An Income Producing Option for Recreational
Access Lanier Frantz and Peter T. Bromley

20. Pricing - Costs/Returns of Recreational Access
Don V. Steinbach

20. Stewardship for Profit: Dollars and Cents
Ross "Skip" Shelton 111

21. Forms of Business Organizations With Emphasis on
Landowner Cooperatives for Natural Resources
Greg K. Yarrow

21. Taxes, Records and Accounting for Small Businesses
James A. Grippo

22. Marketing: Principles and Practices
Cyril M. Logar

22. The Forgotten Lesson: The Customer Pays the Bills
William J. Dolan

22. Risks, Capital, Profit and the Entrepreneurial Spirit
Dave Longaberger

Entrepreneur's Philosophies And Experiences

23. Big Game Fee Areas: Income Opportunities on Industry
Lands
Ronnie E. Brenneman

23. Tree Farm
C. W. "Sonny" Newhall

23. Back Roads Adventures: A Private Enterprise Model for
Nature Study on Private and Public Land
Linda Cooper Elkinton

23. Fort Lewis Lodge: A Place for High Quality Outdoor
Recreation
John Cowden and Peter T. Bromley

24. Bed and Breakfast
Edward L. Smith and Anne and Paul Mechling

25. Campgrounds
Howard Campbell

Legal Issues

26. PART ONE: Introduction to Basics of Law Relative to
Natural Resource Enterprises
Michael T. Olexa and Steven Mack

PART TWO: Legal Liability Associated With Profitable
Resource- Based Recreation on Private Land
John Becker

PART THREE: Recreational Use on Industrial Forest
Ownership- Problems and Opportunities
Carlton Owen

PART FOUR: Protective Legal Measures and Concerns of
Private Landowners
John J. Rademacher

PART FIVE: Criteria for Lease Considerations for Profit
Recreational Access
Michael McCabe

PART SIX: Easements and Rights-of-Way
Brenda Walker and Anthony Ferrise

27. Statutory Law Related to Recreational Access in the
Eastern United States
Danita Alt, William Hodgson and Anthony Ferrise

Insurance Issues

28. Insurance Issues Related to Recreational Access to
Private Lands
John Copeland and Earle Dillard

For information on availability and a price list on the
series (except for Campgrounds" and "Statutory Law
Related to Recreational Access in the Eastern United
States") contact:

William N. Grafton
Extension Specialist-Wildlife
West Virginia University
P.0. Box 6125
Morgantown, WV 26506 -6125
304-293-4797

Anthony Ferrise
Extension Specialist-Rural Development
West Virginia University
P.0. Box 6108
Morgantown, WV 26506-6108
304-293-3408

Availability and prices for publications #26 and #28 may
be obtained from:

National Center for Agricultural Law Research &
Information
Robert L. Leflar Law Center
University of Arkansas
School of Law
Fayetteville, AR 72701

501-575-7646

Programs and activities offered by the West Virginia
University Cooperative Extension Service are available to
all persons without regard to race, color, sex, national
origin, or handicap.

Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home
Economics, West Virginia University and the United States
Department of Agriculture, Cooperating. Rachel B.
Tompkins, Director, Morgantown, West Virginia. Published
in Furtherance of Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30,
1914.

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