Michigan State University Extension
Ag Experiment Station Special Reports - 03319573
07/28/98
January 1995 Special Report 73
Status and Potential of Michigan Natural Resources
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station,Michigan State University
SPECIAL REPORT
Pulp, Paper, Allied Products and Wood Energy
Lead Author: Karen Potter-Witter, Department of Forestry, MSU Graduate Assistant: Robert Davis, Department of Forestry, MSU
Pulp and Paper The pulp, paper and allied products industry processes wood, wood fiber, wastepaper, cellulose and plastic film into products for a broad and strong consumer base. The U S industry has a worldwide reputation for low cost, high volume, high quality production. The industry has modern, well financed physical plants, renewable and recyclable raw materials, and a highly skilled labor force. Within the United States, the industry is eighth among manufacturing industries in value of shipments and second in capital expenditures (USDOC-ITA, 1993). In 1993, Michigan's pulp, paper and allied products industry exported $133 million worth of goods to 73 countries throughout the world. This is up from $127 million and 67 countries in 1989.
This manufacturing sector includes primary products industries (in sectors 261, 262 and 263) that produce pulp, paper and paperboard from wood or wood fiber, either new or recycled. It also includes secondary paper manufacturers, the paper converting sectors (264, 265 and 266), which include paper coating and glazing, envelopes, bags, die-cut paper and paperboard, pressed and milled pulp goods, sanitary paper products, stationery products,converted paper, paperboard containers and boxes, and building paper and board mills. The definitions of the SIC sectors are included in the glossary. The number codes for some industries were changed in 1987-a key to the 1977 and 1987 codes follows the glossary. Michigan has 235 pulp and paper and allied manufacturing facilities (Table 1). The greatest number of firms are secondary manufacturers and are located in the southern Lower Peninsula (Figure 1). Primary manufacturers, pulp mills and pulp and paper mills, are spread more evenly from north to south and are concentrated along the Great Lakes. (Figure 2)
Employment in the entire pulp, paper and allied products industry was 20,791 in 1992 (MESC). First quarter total wages for 1993 were $193,849,249 for the industry; just over $75 million of this was from paper mills.
Wood Pulp (SIC 2611) and Paper (SIC 2621)
Wood pulp is the primary resource used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard. It is produced by breaking down wood and wood fibers-either mechanically grinding it or chemically digesting it-into pulp. Because Michigan's pulp mills are largely part of integrated pulp and paper products operations, these sectors are treated together.
Seven mills in Michigan produce pulp as part of integrated pulp and paper products manufacturing. Three mills are located in the Upper Peninsula (in Escanaba, Quinnesec and Ontonagon), two are in the northern Lower Peninsula (Filer City and Alpena), and two are in the southern Lower Peninsula (Muskegon and Allegan). Employment in Michigan's pulp and paper mills was 7,417 in 1992 and it increased 8 percent from 1982 to 1991 First quarter wages for 1992 were $83.5 million.
In 1991, Michigans mills produced 1.3 million short tons of wood pulp, twice the 1975 level. Michigan's share of regional production grew from 18.6 percent to 27.4 percent. The North Central region, which increased 35 percent to 4.7 million short tons, was the fastest growing region in the U.S. for pulp production from 1975 to 1991. Nationally, wood pulp production increased 49 percent to 64.2 million short tons. (Unless otherwise noted, regional information in this report pertains to the entire North Central region, which is divided up into two subregions, the East North Central and the West North Central. The East North Central is made up of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin; the West North Central is made up of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas.)
Paper production in Michigan from 1975 to 1991 grew from 0.8 million short tons to 1.6 million short tons. Michigan's share of regional production increased to 18 percent in 1991. Over that time, production in the North Central region increased 82 percent, from 4.9 million to 8.9 million short tons. The North Central's rate of increased production was exceeded only by the South's at 83 percent. The North Central's increased paper production surpassed the Northeast's production to become the number two producer of paper in the country. National paper production increased 68 percent during this period. Trends show all regions increasing their contributions to national production except the Northeast.
Paperboard (SIC 2631)
Containerboard and boxboard are the two major products in the paperboard sector. Containerboard is the larger portion of the sector. It consists of manufacturers of linerboard and paper for corrugating in the manufacture of shipping containers and other corrugated products Boxboard (or cardboard) includes paperboard for non- corrugated packaging such as cereal and processed food boxes, fiber cans and tubes, and paper for construction wallboard and automobile panelboard.
Michigan's 15 paperboard mills are located mainly in the southern Lower Peninsula,with the exception of one large mill in Manistee County and another in Delta County. Paperboard production in Michigan was 1.5 million short tons in 1991, an increase of 52 percent from 1984. (Before 1984, Michigan paperboard data are unavailable because of disclosure restrictions. Regional data, however, are available.) State growth again exceeded regional growth (26 percent), bringing the production level to 5.3 million short tons. National growth was only 21 percent. Michigan's share of regional production grew to 29 percent. Over the longer period of 1975 to 1991, North Central production grew at 60 percent, a lower rate than in the South (75 percent) and the West (65 percent).
Employment in Michigan paperboard mills was 4,224 in 1991, a decrease of 46 percent from 1982. First quarter wages for 1993 were $31.6 million.
Converted Paper and Board (SIC 264) and Paperboard Containers and Boxes (SIC 265)
Michigan has 82 mills that produce coated or glazed paper, envelopes, paper bags, die-cut paper and board, sanitary paper products, stationery products or other converted paper (Table 2). These mills employed 4,390 people in 1992, an increase of 13 percent from 1982. First quarter wages for 1993 were $32.4 million. Die-cut paper and board has been the fastest growing sub-sector-empl converted paper and board mills, however, has declined.
Michigan's 104 paperboard container and box mills employed 6,046 people in 1992, an increase of 13 percent from 1982 (Table 2). First quarter 1993 wages were $46.3 million. Production data for these sectors are unavailable.
Economic Trends
Payroll
Payroll is defined as the gross earnings to all employees of a firm (Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 1986). Michigan's payroll for SIC 262 of $602.7 million in 1987 was an increase of 90 percent from 1976. Michigan's share of the regional payroll for the sector remained at 13.5 percent. Over the same period, the South increased its share of national payroll for the same sectors to 35 percent, the West remained steady at 12 percent, and both the North Central (27 percent) and the Northeast (25 percent) saw their shares decrease.
Value-Added Manufacturing
In 1987, Michigan's value-added in the paper and allied products industry was approximately $1.7 billion, an increase of 146 percent from 1976. Michigan's share of value-added from the pulp and paper sector for the region increased from 12.5 to 13.5 percent.
Over the same period, the North Central's value-added manufacturing increased 128 percent, maintaining the region as the second highest producer, next to the South. Nationally, value-added manufacturing increased 145 percent, to approximately $50.5 billion.
Shipment Values
The Annual Survey of Manufacturers defines shipment values as "the received or receivable net selling values, f.o.b. (freight on board) plant after discounts and allowances and excluding freight charges and excise taxes" (Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 1986). Shipment values for Michigan producers of paper and allied products were $3.6 billion in 1987, an increase of 107 percent from 1976. Regional shipment values were $27.7 billion, a 110 percent increase. National shipment value levels increased 126 percent, to approximately $109 billion. Michigan's contribution to regional shipment values was 13.2 percent. The North Central's value of shipments was the second highest, approximately $27.7 billion, among the four regions in 1987 and is 26 percent of U.S. value.
Capital Expenditures
In 1986, Michigan's capital expenditures were $140.3 million. This is an increase of 111 percent over capital expenditures for 1976. Michigan experienced its highest capital expenditures in 1984 and 1985, $309.4 and $299 million respectively. (The Champion International pulp mill in Quinnesec began production on December 3,1985.)
Though data were not disclosed in Michigan for 1987, regional data are available. Capital expenditures declined slightly from 1985 to 1986 (4.9 percent), and more significantly between 1986 and 1987 (19.3 percent). This suggests that the trend in capital expenditures for Michigan may have continued to fall as well. Trends in capital expenditures on the national level are similar to those on the state and regional levels, increasing 102.1 percent from 1976 to 1986.
Future Prospects
Trade
Trade prospects for U.S. paper and allied products continue to be excellent. The total value of Michigan's exports of pulp and paper products has risen in the 1990s. As the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement encouraged continued growth of U.S. exports to Canada, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is expected to do the same for trade with Mexico. Barriers to trade for pulp, paper and paperboard are scheduled to be phased out over the next five years under NAFTA. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and U.S.-Japanese trade negotiations will further open markets to U.S. manufacturers. Exports in pulp and paper products are expected to grow faster than domestic consumption (USDOC- ITC, 1993). Removal of international trade barriers may lead many additional manufacturers into export markets.
Environmental Issues
Rates of waste recovery and use of recycled fiber continue to increase in the industry. The 1993 wastepaper recovery rate was 42 percent, and recycled paper made up nearly 31 percent of the fiber used at U.S. paper and paperboard mills. New U.S. government requirements for purchasing paper will continue to encourage use of recycled fibers.
The Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act standards continue to be revised. When the proposed new standards become regulations in late 1995, there are expected to be implications for bleached pulp mills with respect to dioxin. The Clean Air Act amendments significantly changed emissions standard regulations for sources of ozone, carbon monoxide and particulates. This will have the largest effect on mills in areas where the ambient air does not meet national, health-based, quality standards (USDOC-ITA, 1993).
Wood Energy Use In Michigan
Wood Energy
Worldwide, the greatest use of wood is for energy. It is also a significant and growing use in Michigan. At least 578,000 households burn fuelwood and more than 150 commercial and industrial facilities produce wood energy for their own use or for sale.
Wood energy in the state comes from solid wood, wood chips, wood wastes, wood processing residues, logging residues and black liquor from pulp production. Wood fuel is produced as a primary product and as a residue from roundwood production, primary wood products manufacturing and secondary manufacturing.
Industrial Wood Energy
Primary production of wood fuel for consumption is growing in Michigan - 18 million cubic feet of fuelwood were produced in 1992 (Table 3). This is equivalent to 4 6 trillion Btu. Primary production of industrial fuelwood is concentrated in the northern Lower Peninsula, which has 99 percent of recorded production.
Logging residues are an even greater source of potential wood energy. Harvesting operations in Michigan created 82 6 million cubic feet of residue in 1992 (Table 4). If all logging residues were used for energy, they would produce 21.2 trillion Btu. The Upper Peninsula produces 60 percent of the logging residue; the northern Lower Peninsula produces most of the remainder.
Over one-third of the residue from Michigan primary wood processing facilities is used for fuel. Residues from these facilities yielded approximately 472,500 green tons of wood fuel, or 4.6 trillion Btu used for energy in 1992 (Table 5). Seventy-three percent of the residue is hardwood. The northern Lower Peninsula uses two-thirds of the residues. Use of these primary processing residues for energy grew substantially (34 percent) from 1984 to 1988 and declined slightly (8 percent) from 1988 to 1992.
Residential Wood Energy Consumption
A total of 518,123 households consumed 869,803 cords of wood in Michigan in 1992 (May et al, 1993.) Of these, 103,610 households use wood as their primary source of energy, consuming 397,423 cords of wood. In the southern Lower Peninsula, 458,636 households consumed 518,187 cords. The northern Lower Peninsula was the second largest consumer of wood fuel. In this region, 90,817 households consumed 268,192 cords. In the Upper Peninsula, 28,670 households consumed 83,424 cords.
Wood Energy Facilities
There are 154 known industrial and commercial wood energy facilities in Michigan (MDNR, Air Quality Division, 1990). The Great Lakes Regional Biomass Program Directory (1988) lists 90 of these users. Their facilities annually use a total of 1,279.5 cords of solid wood and 250,657 dry tons and 823,768 wet tons of wood chips, wood chunks and mill residues. Almost half the facilities are in the southern Lower Peninsula. The others are distributed almost equally between the Upper Peninsula and the northern Lower Peninsula (Figure 3). Many are part of primary and secondary wood processing plants. The sizes of Michigan's wood energy facilities vary from a small operation using 20 wet tons per year to a large mill using more than 400,000 wet tons per year.
More than half the facilities produce heat, a total of 824,000 Btu per hour. More than one-third produce steam from wood fuel. Production ranges from 20 pounds per hour at 1 pound per square inch gauge (psig) to 465,000 pounds per hour at 1,500 psig. Thirteen percent use wood fuel for electric generation or co-generation. The smallest plant produces 400 kilowatts of electricity; the largest produces 22,700 kilowatts. The number of wood energy facilities increased dramatically in the past decade (Figure 4). From 1925 to 1977, development was slow, with an average of less than one plant per year beginning operations. However, eight plants began operations in 1980 and 13 began in 1983.
Wood Fuel Prices
Real prices for industrial wood fuel have declined in the past five years (Figure 5). For the first two quarters of 1991, real prices were near their pre-1983 energy crisis levels. Prices paid by residue users vary by plant. As the cost of landfilling residues increases, however, the cost of wood residue energy decreases. The cost to some users may even be negative-i.e., as the savings from disposal avoided are greater than the additional costs of a wood fuel plant.
Given current fuel costs, wood can compete with fuel oil and natural gas if it is available at less than $25 per ton (Figure 6). To compete with coal, it must cost less than $15 per ton. Current wood fuel prices are within this range.
Social Benefits from Wood Energy
Fuel prices paid by the users invariably do not reflect the total cost to society of production and consumption. These additional costs are known as "externalities". They include the costs of air pollution from fuel burning, water pollution from the disposal of process water, impacts on stream flows from water uptake, and hazardous and non-hazardous waste disposal (Michigan Council on Environmental Quality, 1991). When environmental externalities were counted in energy costs, wood fuel became even more inexpensive. Estimated environmental costs from wood were less than 1 cent per kilowatt hour, higher only than solar and wind energy. In 1991, coal's environmental costs, by contrast, ranged from 4.5 to 6.5 cents per kilowatt hour, and nuclear fuel's costs were 3 cents per kilowatt hour (Figure 7).
Wood and other biomass energy production is more labor intensive and less capital intensive than oil and gas, gas utilities and electrical utility energy production. Biomass energy creates three times more direct jobs per million dollars invested and twice as many direct and indirect jobs than other energy systems (Stanton, 1991). In the Great Lakes states, approximately 18,500 people are employed in wood energy, where they earn $350 million in personal income (Employment Research Associates, 1985).
Prospects for Wood Energy
Wood energy in Michigan has good prospects. Use of wood for energy is expected to grow 19 percent in the Great Lakes states between 1985 and 1995 (Public Sector Consultants, 1985). This increase is supported by Michigan's overall surplus of timber (though not for allspecies and products in all regions). Declining real prices indicate that an ample economic supply of industrial fuelwood existed over the past decade. The use of wood is sensitive to many market factors, notably the price of fossil fuels, especially coal. Wood energy will be affected by both the cost of acquiring coal and the cost of burning it. The greater the emissions restrictions for coal, the more costly it is to burn and the more attractive wood is as a fuel.
Primary wood energy users, however, face challenges to supplies. All roundwood users face increased costs because of increased demands for environmental sensitivity and increased regulation. For example, greater restrictions are being placed on areas that may be harvested for timber and on harvesting methods. House Resolution 434 (Rep.Alley, 1991), which proposed a moratorium on clear-cutting on all state lands, is an example of societal forces pushing costs upward. Indications of timber scarcity are the rising real stumpage prices for aspen pulpwood, hard maple sawtimber, and oak pulpwood and sawtimber over the past decade. Fuelwood production costs may rise with the increase in real timber prices. Users of wood residues facea better situation. Increasing landfill costs for residue and increasing societal pressure to reduce waste will make energy production from wood more attractive.
Users of any wood fuel will continue to be particularly challenged by environmental regulations and permitting procedures. Obtaining air quality permits for wood boilers will continue to be difficult. More research needs to be done on emissions from specific fuel and specific boiler combinations and the resulting information disseminated to regulatory agency personnel so that each installation application does not need to be researched independently.
Disposal of wood ash will also pose challenges for all users. Although agricultural land application of wood ash looks promising, many regulatory hurdles must be overcome before it is practical.
Public policy will affect the future of wood energy Programs such as the Michigan Energy Conservation Program, which increased consumer knowledge of wood energy technology and economics, have a significant, positive influence on wood energy development. Policy that increases the availability of loans and grants for energy conversions and funds energy research is also effective in promoting wood energy development.
Summary
Residential fuelwood use, industrial fuelwood production and use of wood processing residues for energy are significant in Michigan. In addition to the 578,123 households burning wood, there are 154 commercial or industrial wood energy facilities. Though they vary greatly in size of operation, many involve substantial capital investments in their energy plants.
Industrial fuelwood prices have declined recently despite rising real prices for many types and species of stumpage. Wood can compete well with oil, natural gas and coal. The cost to society from fuelwood is significantly less per Btu than the cost of fossil fuel or nuclear power.
Primary fuelwood users face the same challenges as other solid wood users. Greater restrictions on forest management and harvesting practices will decrease wood supply. Wood residue users will continue to benefit from avoiding increasing landfill costs and see fuel from residues become even more competitive. Pollution regulation and the permitting process with environmental agencies may be the biggest challenge that all fuelwood users face. Research and education are needed to help shorten the permitting process and to allow beneficial uses of wood ash.
Table 1. . Michigan's pulp and paper industry by sector, 1992
Number Employment
Industry and SIC Code of units 1992
Pulp and paper mills
-2611 and 2621 34 7,417
Paperboard mills-2631 15 2,938
Paper coating and glazing-2641 15 1,127
Envelopes-2642 9 290
Bags-2643 16 929
Die-cut paper & board-2645 17 615
Sanitary paper products-2647 2 427
Stationery products-2648 3 330
Other converted pape- 2649 20 620
Paperboard containers
& boxes-265 104 6046
Total 235 20,791
Note:. MESC classifications do not match the MDNR Wood Products Manufacturers Directory for pulp mills, as. SIC rules include non-wood pulp. Pulp mills and paper mills are, therefore, treated together in this report
Source:. Michigan Employment Security Commission, 1993
Figure 1. Distribution of secondary pulp, paper and allied manufacturing facilities in Michigan by county
Figure 2 Distribution of primary pulp, paper and allied manufacturing facilities in Michigan by county
Table 2. Trends in Michigan's paper converting sectors
Employment,
percent change, Number of Employment,
Region 1982-1991 Mills 1993 1992
SIC 264
Paper coating
and glazing 25 15 1,127
Envelopes -38 9 290
Paper bags 74 16 929
Die-cut paper
and board 290 17 615
Sanitary paper
products 54 2 427
Stationery products -11 3 330
Other
converted paper 22 20 672
Total SIC 264 13 82 4,390
SIC 265
Paperboard, containers
and boxes 13 104 6,046
Table 3. Industrial fuelwood production by region, 1988 and 1992
1988 1992
Million Million
Region Cords cubic feet Cords cubic feet
Eastern Upper Pen. 2,601 0.17 450 0.03
Western Upper Pen. 0 0.0 2,875 0.20
Northern Lower
Peninsula 322,487 21.66 254,609 17.80
Southern Lower Pen. 1,889 0.12 0 0
State 326,977 21.94 257,934 18.03
Source: Smith et al., 1988 and MDNR, unpublished
Table 4 Logging residues from timberland generated during roundwood production by region, 1984, 1988, and 1992
Million Million Million
cubic feet, cubic feet, cubic feet,
Region 1984 1988 1992
Eastern Upper Pen. 15.9 21.4 19.5
Western Upper Pen. 20 5 26.4 29.7
Northern Lower Pen. 22.6 26.6 27.8
Southern Lower Pen. 4.3 4.6 5.6
State 63.3 79.0 82.6
Source:. Smith et al, 1990 and MDNR, unpublished
Table 5 Wood residue produced at primary wood-using mills and used for industrial or domestic fuel, by region, 1988 and 1992
1988 1992
Region Softwood Hardwood Softwood Hardwood
(thousand tons green weight)
Eastern Upper Pen. 17.97 163.20 14.63 38.28
Western Upper
Peninsula 12.32 68.87 6.66 63.65
Northern Lower Pen.67.80 137.59 103.88 199.28
Southern Lower Pen. 2.50 51.50 0.77 45.36
State total residues
for energy 100.59 421.16 125.94 346.57
State total
residues 279.6 1,132.7 299.62 1,005.73
Source: Blyth et al., 1988 and MDNR, unpublished
Figure 3.. Wood energy facility regional distribution, 1988, by region
Source:. Compiled from Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Air Quality Division, 1988
Figure 4. Trends in wood energy facility startup, 1925-1990
Source:. Compiled from the Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program, 1988
Figure 5. Real hog fuel prices, FOB, 1981-1991
Source:. Timber Marts North and Producer Price Index
Figure 6. Cost comparisons for alternative fuels
Glossary
F.O.B. Freight on board, usually referring to the value of the product when delivered to the mill.
PAYROLL. Gross earnings to all employees of a firm.
S.I.C. Standard industrial classification as designated by the Office of Statistical Standards, Executive Office of the President, Bureau of the Budget. The number codes for some industries were changed in 1987. A key to the 1977 and 1987 codes follows the glossary.
S.I.C. 2611. Pulp mills. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing pulp from wood or from other materials, such as rags, linters, wastepaper and straw Logging camps operated by pulp mills and not separately reported are also included in this industry.
S.I.C. 2621. Paper mills. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing paper (except building paper) from wood pulp and other fibers, which may also manufacture converted paper products. Pulp mills combined with paper mills and not separately reported are also included in this industry. Types of products include bag paper, sanitary tissue stock,wrapping paper stock, lining paper, news tablet paper and writing paper.
S.I.C. 2631. Paperboard mills. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing paperboard-including paperboard coated on the paperboard machine-from wood pulp and other fibers, which may also manufacture converted paperboard products. Pulp mills combined with paperboard mills and not separately reported are included. Products include kraft, corrugating and container-board, boxboard, cardboard, folding boxboard and paperboard.
S.I.C. 2641. Paper coating and glazing. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing coated, glazed or varnished paper from purchased paper. Products include bread wrappers,cellophane adhesive tape, coated paper, gummed tape, labels, masking tape, tarpaper, thermoplastic coated paper, waxed paper and wrapping paper.
S.I.C. 2642. Envelopes. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing envelopes of any description from purchased paper and paperboard.
S.I.C. 2643. Bags. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing bags from purchased paper, cellophane, acetate polyethylene, and similar sheet or film materials
S.I.C. 2644. Wallpaper
S.I.C. 2645. Die-cut paper, paperboard. Establishments primarily engaged in die-cutting purchased paper and paperboard and in manufacturing cardboard by laminating, lining or surface coating paperboard. Products include cardboard panels and cut-outs, egg cartons, filing folders, and index and other cut cards.
S.I.C. 2646. Pressed and molded pulp goods. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing all kinds of pressed and molded pulp goods. Products include fiber conduits, cups, dishes, egg cartons, papier-mƒch‚ articles, and utensils.
S.I.C. 2647. Sanitary paper products. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing, from purchased paper, sanitary paper products such as facial tissues, table napkins, toilet paper, towels, sanitary napkins and tampons.
S.I.C. 2648. Stationery, tablets and related paper products.
S.I.C. 2649. Converted paper and paperboard not elsewhere classified. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing, from purchased paper or paperboard, miscellaneous converted paper or paperboard products not elsewhere classified. Products include laminated building board and paper, confetti, corrugated paper, crepe paper, desk pads, gift wrappers, looseleaf fillers and reamed paper, newsprint tablets and pads, and bound notebooks.
S.I.C. 2651. Folding paperboard containers and boxes. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing folding paperboard boxes from purchased paperboard.
S.I.C. 2652. Set-up paperboard boxes. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturingset-up paperboard boxes from purchased paperboard.
S.I.C. 2653. Corrugated and solid fiber boxes Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing corrugated and solid fiber boxes from purchased paperboard or fiberstock. Products include corrugated and solid fiber boxes, display items, hampers, pads, pallets, partitions, and corrugated or fiberboard sheets
S.I.C. 2654. Sanitary food containers. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing food containers from purchased special food board. Products include milk containers, cups, dishes, drinking straws, pails, plates, spoons and utensils.
S.I.C. 2655. Fiber cans, tubes, drums and similar products. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fiber cans, tubes, drums and similar products without metal ends from purchased materials. Products include fiber cans, cores, hampers, mailing cases, reels, tubes and wastebaskets.
SHIPMENT VALUES. The received or receivable net selling values, f.o.b. plant, after discounts and allowances and excluding freight charges and excise taxes.
Figure 7. Environmental cost summary for alternative fuels
Source:. Pace University
Key to 1977 and 1987 SIC classifications
1977 industry
Code Short Title
2611 Pulp mills
2621 Pulp mills, except building paper
Pulp and paper mills, primarily pulp
Other paper mills
2631 Paperboard mills
Pulp and paperboard mills primarily
pulp
Other paperboard mills
2641 Paper coating and glazing
2642 Envelopes
2643 Bags, except textile bags
2645 Die-cut paper and board
2646 Pressed and molded pulp goods
2647 Sanitary paper products
2648 Stationery products
2649 Converted paper products, not elsewhere
classified (nec)
2651 Folding paperboard boxes
2654 Sanitary food containers.
Folding
Other sanitary food containers
2661 Building paper and board mills
Insulation board
Paper
1987 industry
Code Short Title
Part 2611 Pulp mills
Part 2611 Pulp mills
Part 2621 Paper mills
Part. 2611 Pulp mills
Part 2631 Paperboard mills
2671 Paper coated and laminated packaging
2672 Paper coated and laminated, nec
2677 Envelopes
2674 Bags: uncoated paper and multiwall
2673 Bags: plastics, laminated and coated
2675 Die-cut paper and board
Part 2679 Converted paper products nec
2676 Sanitary paper products
2678 Stationery products
Part 2679 Converted paper products nec
2657 Folding paperboard boxes
Part 2657 Folding paperboard boxes.
2656 Sanitary food containers
Part 2493 Reconstituted wood products
Part 2621 Paper mills
References
American Paper Institute. 1979. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 81 pp
American Paper Institute. 1980. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 79 pp
American Paper Institute. 1981. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 73 pp
American Paper Institute. 1983. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 76 pp
American Paper Institute. 1984. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 76 pp
American Paper Institute. 1985. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 76 pp
American Paper Institute. 1986. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY 76pp.
American Paper Institute. 1987. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 76 pp
American Paper Institute. 1988. Statistics of Paper, Paperboard and Wood Pulp. New York, NY, 76 pp
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Employment Research Associates. 1985. Biomass Resources: Generating Jobs and Energy. Madison, Wis : Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program, Council of Great Lakes Governors. 16 pp
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Stanton, T. 1991. Wood Energy Environmental and Economic Impacts. Paper presented at the Energy from Wood Residue Workshop, April 23, Alberta, MI
Timber Marts. 1981-1991. Timber Mart North Price Reports. Highlands, N.C.:F.W. Norris
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Reports on the Status and Potential of Michigan Natural Resources
This special report is one of a series (listed below) prepared for a project of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (MAES) called the "Status and Potential of Michigan Natural Resources" (SAPMINR).
The project was designed to take an inventory of the current status of Michigan natural resources, identify emerging trends, and appraise future opportunities. The purpose was to assist MAES in establishing priorities and planning programs.
Both overview and focused topic assessments have been made. The overview reports provide background information on the political, economic, and social environments influencing Michigan natural resources. The focus reports examine specific resources, including timberland resources, fisheries and wildlife resources, parks and recreational resources, and land and water resources.
The SAPMINR project began in early 1993. At that time, interdisciplinary teams of MSU faculty members, graduate students, federal and state government officials, and others collaborated to develop preliminary reports. In March 1994, a SAPMINR conference took place during MSU's Agriculture and Natural Resources Week. The objective of the conference was to provide a public forum for discussion of the preliminary reports. Based on interaction with conference participants, the authors prepared the final drafts of the special reports (SR).
This report should not be considered final. Efforts to analyze the past and forecast the future are ongoing. Even so, this report is a base for dialogue on both the status and potential of Michigan natural resources.
To receive any of the reports listed below, contact: MSU Bulletin Office, Room 10B Agriculture Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039.
Status and Potential of Michigan Natural Resources List of Reports
Overview Reports SR 67 --SAPMINR Highlights SR 68 --Michigan Natural Resources Policy SR 69 --Demographic, Social and Economic Trends SR 70 --Integrated Natural Resource Systems
Focus Reports SR 71 --Timber and Timberland Resources SR 72 --Lumber, Furniture, Composition Panels and Other Solidwood Products SR 73 --Pulp, Paper, Allied Products and Wood Energy SR 74 --Fisheries SR 75 --Wildlife SR 76 --Tourism SR 77 --Boating and Underwater Recreation SR 78 --Camping, Trails and Dispersed Recreation SR 79 --Water Resources SR 80 --Land Resources SR 81 --Nonrenewable Resources SR 82 --Natural Resources and Communities
Acknowledgements
The following individuals provided helpful reviews of this publication. The authors, as usual, bear the final responsibility for content.
Robin Bertsch, Michigan Department of Natural Resources Larry Pedersen, Michigan Department of Natural Resources Carl W. Ramm, Michigan State University James Stevens, Michigan State University The authors are also grateful to research assistant Robert Morikawa, Department of Forestry, Michigan State University
The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station is an equal opportunity employer and complies with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.
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